| Old
Norse |
Orkney Norn |
Examples (Norn < Old Norse) |
a |
a |
andoo < andœfa, arvo < arfi, chaldro <
tjaldr |
| |
α |
nask < naska, skarf < skarfr, slack <
slakki |
| |
α |
graand < grandi, skaav < skafi, baakie <
bal; frequently before an elided or assimilated consonant, as in
aval < afvelta, avaless < afllauss, maalo < marlauk |
| |
ε |
air < ar, backfett < -fattr, lecko <
laki, krepp < krapp (umlaut forms?) |
| |
į (rare) |
hinsho < handsko, skint < skant |
| |
ʌ
(rare) |
muggy < magi |
| |
ɔ |
chold < tjalda, gonfert < gandferð |
| |
|
|
| á |
o: (usually) |
bore < bára, geo < gjá, ho < hár, ogang <
ágangr, skyo < skjá, skory < skári |
| |
a: (occasionally) |
aak < álka, flaa < flá, -maa < már |
| |
u: (rarely) |
mardroo < marþráðr |
| |
ø: (rarely) |
skrue < skrá, shuimet < *hjálmóttr, huivy
< háfr |
| |
ɔu (rarely) |
blouster < blástr |
| |
|
|
| e |
ε |
aint < enta, erkny < erkn, skegg < skegg,
berry < berg, klett< klettr, elt < elta |
| |
ε |
hail < hella |
| |
e: (rare) |
kaivy < kefja, save - cf. Nor. sev |
| |
α (rare) |
arkamy < erkn, kwark < kverka |
| |
I |
brinno < brenna, rin, rinnick < renna |
| |
į (rare) |
kyirk < kyrkja |
| |
|
|
| é |
ε |
settin < séttingr |
| |
e: |
shaygray < *hjela |
| |
|
|
| i |
į |
kipp < kippa, bit < biti, kikk < kikk |
| |
i |
geel < gil, kleester < klistra, week <
vik |
| |
i: |
leero < líri, meethe < mið |
| |
ʌ (rare) |
tulfer < þilfar |
| |
alternations |
leero/lyrie, meethe/maithe |
| |
|
|
| í |
į (occas.) |
snippo < snípa, spick < spík |
| |
i |
wheel < hvíla, kwee < kví |
| |
i: |
reen < hrína, Lee < hlíð, teebro < tíðbrá |
| |
ai (Scots infl.?) |
grice < gríss, kline < klína, skive <
skífa |
| |
i/ai occas. alternate |
kwee/kwy |
| |
|
|
| o |
a (rarely) |
darro < dorg, garr/gurr < gor |
| |
α:
(rarely) |
skraal < skroll, baa < boði |
| |
ʌ |
lurt < lortr, murr - Icel. mor, rud -
Nor. rodda, gurr < gor |
| |
u (occas.) |
kroopan < kroppinn, roodgoose < hroð- |
| |
u: (occas.) |
loo < lo, floo < flo |
| |
ǫ:
(rarely) |
bawkie < bokki |
| |
ø: (I-umlaut?) |
huiv < hov, ruithe < hroði, sluiter <
sloðra |
| |
|
|
| ó |
o: ? |
dome < dómr |
| |
ø |
bøl < ból, uiss < óss, stuil < stóll |
| |
ø: |
kuithe < kóð, ruise < hrósa |
| |
u |
buo < bóla, Loomachun < lómatjǫrn,
sooken < sókn |
| |
u: |
sloo < sló, kloor < klóra, stoor < stórr,
moorit < mórauðr |
| |
|
|
| u |
u |
bool < bulla, doose < dusa, kooker <
kurka |
| |
u: |
moors < mura |
| |
ʌ |
gump < gumpr, hurr < hurra, krummo <
krumma, kunn < kunna, mulder < muldra, rugg < rugg, studdle < stuðull |
| |
ø |
kuil < kul, uiko < ulk, styuilk < stulk |
| |
į (occas.) |
birt < burðr, klimse < klumsa |
| |
|
|
| ú |
u |
book < úkr, brook < brúk, doon < dúnn,
skoot < skút, soog < súgr, toon < tún |
| |
u: |
skroo < skrúfr, sooro < súra, stoo <
*stúfa |
| |
ø: |
uimater < úmáttr?, huin < húnn, kuivy <
kúfr |
| |
|
|
| y |
i |
bizzy < bys, minn < mynd, linyo < lygna,
nizz < knysja, sirry < syrja, stinn < stynja |
| |
į |
gilt < gylta, ritto < rytr, tinsal <
þyngsl, tirl < þyrla, trist < þrysta |
| |
ø |
huirn < hyrna |
| |
I / ʌ |
stinn, stunn < stynja |
| |
|
|
| ý |
i |
meeo < mý, sneet < snýta, speet < spýta |
| |
ø |
nue < gnýja |
| |
ai (Scots infl.?) |
geyro < gýgr, skila < skýla, sly < slý |
| |
|
|
| æ |
e: |
aisins < æsing, braithe < bræða, saithe <
sæði, saxhering < sexæringr |
| |
ε: |
brail < bræla, lerblade < lær- |
| |
į |
simmy < sæma, kniff < knæfr |
| |
|
|
| œ |
ε: |
aikel <
œxl, geskafoo < gœzku-fullr |
| |
e: |
haze <
œsa |
| |
ø |
buil < bœla |
| |
o |
bonie words < bœnar-orð? |
| |
ǫ: |
oro <
œrr |
| |
i: |
meen <
mœnir |
| |
|
|
| ǫ |
ɔ |
golt < gǫltr,
rost < rǫst, slokk < slǫkkva |
| |
e/ε |
dekk < dǫkkr,
kegel < kǫggull, kes < kǫs, kjest < kǫstr |
| |
ʌ |
skurrock < skǫr,
spurrey < spjǫrr |
| |
į |
birk < bǫrkr |
| |
|
|
| ei |
e: |
aize < eisa, maise < meiss, raiso <
reisa, saithe < seiðr, skrae < skreið |
| |
ai |
bysk < beiskr, geyro < geiri, neist <
gneisti, skry < skreið, sny < sneið, snyse < sneis, tie < teigr, tyno <
teinn |
| |
ε(:) |
dello? < deili, skaively < skeifligr |
| |
|
|
| au |
ɔu |
gowl < gaula, howe < haugr, nowt < naut,
nout < knauta, owse < ausa, tout < tauta, tow < taugr |
| |
ʌ |
duff < daufr, rumse < raumska |
| |
ɔ |
gokk < gaukr, stot < stauta |
| |
o: |
tome < taumr |
| |
u(:) |
nust/nɔust
< naust, hogboon < haugbúandi |
| |
|
|
| ey |
ai |
snype < sneypa, misglimed < -gleyma, |
| |
e: |
blaithin < *bleyðingr, daive < deyfa |
| |
e |
glaip < gleypa, Sanday < Sandey |
| |
ε: |
ersland < eyrisland, aire < eyrr |
| |
ø (in old records) |
urisland, uirsland < eyrisland, gøma <
geyma, løpir, lønlighe |
| |
|
|
| ja |
ja |
yackle < jaxl |
| |
|
|
| já |
i(?) |
glee < gljá |
| |
|
|
| jó |
o |
grono < grjón |
| |
u |
lood < hljóð, loodan < hljóðan, NB. biwr
< bjórr ??? |
| |
ø |
ruithe < hrjóða, skyued < skjóttr |
| |
į |
brisk < brjósk |
| |
|
? nita < ?njóta |
| |
|
|
| b |
b (usually) |
|
| |
p |
pangse < bangsa, pivver < bivra, polt <
boltr, pook < buka, puink < bunka |
| |
|
|
| d |
d (usually) |
|
| |
t |
trimso < dramsa |
| |
occasionally dropped in -nd |
øn <
ǫnd |
| |
dj > tʃ |
charve < djarfr, forcharved < fordjarfað? |
| |
|
|
| ð |
preserved |
nither < niðra, ruithe < hroði, kuithe <
kóð, meethe < mið?, owmuth? < umboð, braithin < bregða |
| |
þ (occas.) |
with < við, footho < fuð, lithy < liðr |
| |
(dropped) |
heemfare < heimferð, ee < iða, Lee <
hlíð, mardroo < marþráðr, skrae < skreið, -gar < -garðr, sny < sneið,
swee < sviða, teebro < tíðbrá, kleppi-spur < -sporðr, gee < geð |
| |
d (sometimes) |
bod < boði, glad <glaðr, gleed < gleiðr,
guid < gœða,
hirdmanstein < hirðmannastefna |
| |
t (occas.) |
daawurt < dagverð |
| |
ðj > dž |
brudge < bryðja, rudge < ryðja |
| |
|
|
| f |
f |
|
| |
v (as in ON between vowels and sonorants) |
arvo < arfi, charve < djarfr, hivvle <
hefill, klov < klauf, krove < krof, rivling < hriflingr, skav < skafa,
sweevle < sveifla |
| |
dropped & assimilated: |
|
| |
before l |
matlo < maðfló??, Less/Lesh/Lashy < fles |
| |
before b |
aaber < afberja, klibber < klyfberi |
| |
before v |
aval < afvelta |
| |
before d |
odder < ofdyri |
| |
before n |
stein < stefna, Ham < hǫfn |
| |
between vowels |
andoo < andœfa,
tuo < þúfa |
| |
finally |
skroo < skrúfr, BUT guff < gufa, skarf <
skarfr, riff < rif |
| |
|
|
| g |
retained for the most part |
|
| |
dropped (when spirant) |
forskin < forskyggni, geyro < gýgr,
neester < gnistra, nyst, neest < gneisti, nile < negla, nit < gnit, roo
< hrúga, sameyn < sameign, sile < sigl, smyoo < smjúga, tie < teigr,
braithe < bregða, Voy < vági |
| |
k (occas.) |
durk < dorg, knoop< gnúpr, krane < gren,
kyirked < kergja, sook < súgr, swilkie < svelgr |
| |
gn > nj, gl > lj |
nyaffle < gnafla, nyaggle < gnagla,
rullyie < rugl |
| |
freq. palatalized |
-gyar [gjǝr]
< -garðr, dyelro < gildra, dyoard [djord] < gjorde, gjɔŋ
< ganga |
| |
|
|
| h |
retained initially |
|
| |
disappears before l,n,r |
nave < hnefi, reen < hrína, roo < hrúga,
lood < hljóð |
| |
hv > w, ʍ |
w: wee < hvía;
ʍ: whess < hvessa |
| |
hj > ʃ |
shuimet < hjálmóttr, shaygrey < *hjela-,
sholtie < hjalti |
| |
ʍ (occas.) |
Whup < hóp, Whupland < Hópland |
| |
ch [x] (occas.) |
Chimeri < himli |
| |
|
|
| k |
mostly retained |
|
| |
g (freq.) |
fig < fika, huiggle < hukla, yaggle <
jakla, rag < raki, srpaagle < sprǫkla,
stugg < stokka, stiggle < stikill |
| |
t (occas.) |
ill-treested < treisk, ill-twartened <
tverkandi, roost < rusk, sturten < storkna, strood < skrúð |
| |
kn > sn (occas.) |
snoddy < knoða? |
| |
palatalised before a front vowel |
kji?st < kist- |
| |
|
|
| l |
mostly retained |
|
| |
disappears: |
|
| |
before k |
aak < álka, uiko < ulk, uivigar <
*yvelker??? |
| |
between vowels |
buo < bóla, heyamet < heilagr |
| |
before s |
hass < hals (Scots influence?) |
| |
before m |
hom < hólmr. ium < ólmr |
| |
finally |
faa < fall (Scots influence?) |
| |
ll palatalized |
hellyiefer < helli-, rullyo < rulla |
| |
lm > ml (sometimes) |
hemlins < hjelm??, hemlin < helmingr |
| |
|
|
| m |
usually retained |
|
| |
fn > mn > m |
Ham < Hǫfn,
Ramnigeo < Hrafnagjá, yamalt < jafnaldri |
| |
|
|
| n |
generally
retained |
|
| |
fn > mn > m |
Ham < Hǫfn,
Ramnigeo < Hrafnagjá, yamalt < jafnaldri |
| |
m when followed by labial consonant |
gamfer < *gegnferð, gomfer < gandferð,
toomal < túnvǫllr |
| |
ny > in (metathesis) |
feenk < fnykr |
| |
|
|
| p |
retained |
|
| |
b (frequently) |
hiblin < hiplingr, horngibly < gepill?,
kubby < koppr or kúpa, skraable < skrapla, tribble < tripla |
| |
|
BUT: kuppo < koppr, gapis < gapuzi, luipy
< laupr |
| |
|
|
| r |
retained |
|
| |
rn > nn (occas.) |
banno-corn < barn |
| |
rn > rl (occas.) |
mallo < marlaukr |
| |
|
|
| s |
retained |
|
| |
ʃ (occas.) |
sharg < sarga |
| |
ž |
runge < runsa, range < hreinsa |
| |
sk > ʃ (occas.) |
hansho < handskór (?), shore < skári |
| |
sk > ks (occas.) |
fyaksy < fjask |
| |
dropped |
|
| |
between r and l |
smirlin < smyrslingr |
| |
between k and l |
yackle < jaxl, aikel < øxl |
| |
between t and l |
wattle < veizla, mittle < meizla |
| |
|
|
| t |
usually retained |
|
| |
d (often) |
blade < blettr, skyued < skjóttr, sloond
< slunt, smud < smutt? |
| |
tj > tʃ |
chaldro < tjaldr, chold < tjalda, -chun <
tjǫrn |
| |
|
|
| þ |
t (usually) |
tulfar < þilfar, tuo < þúfa, tirl <
þyrla, tang < þang |
| |
d (occas.) |
droo < þráðr, mardroo < marþráðr, du < þu |
| |
h |
Hurteso < Thurstainshow, Hurstane <
Thurstath, Horraldshay < Thorwaldishow |
| |
|
|
| v |
w |
daawurt < dagverð??, waddy < vað, waffle
< vafla, wassy < vasi, week < vik |
| |
v (in placenames) |
Vinquoy, Vinbreck, Voldibrae, Verpinno |
| |
|
|
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