|
Based on "An Etymological Dictionary of the Norn Language in Shetland" by Jakob Jakobsen.
Old
Norse |
Shetland Norn |
Examples (Norn < Old Norse) |
a |
a, ā |
fār <
far, hāf <
haf, ārm < armr;
rāb/rab < hrap-/rabb? |
|
ä,äi (before palat.) |
bäļ
< ball, fäļ < fall,
bäļdin,baldin < baldinn, änd,äŋt < -and,
äņəhva'rt < annathvárt, häņ < hann, käņ < kanna |
|
ɔ, o , ō |
mogi < magi, ogə,
ɔkrə < akr, vɔkər
< vakr, de fōgri
< hinn fagri; gōrd <
garðr, Vōrd <
varða,varði |
|
ē,
æ
(rare) |
erg,
εrg < arga, ērskäi < *arðskíð, gērbək,gærbək,garbək
< *garðbalkr, to bē < baða |
|
|
|
á |
ō,å,ȯ |
bōl,bɔul
< bál, dōma,dūma < dámr, hō < háfr, to lōd < láta, to sō < sá, to
spō < spá, vō < vágr, -tåt < þáttr, gōdək,gȯdək < gáta,
lōdigrōd < *látugrátr |
|
wō
(Foula, Hildina) |
wo < á, twor < tár, fwo < fá |
|
ɔ(i),o(i) (before palat.) |
gɔiț,gȯiț
< gátt, ūmɔiț,ūmȯiț < úmáttr |
|
ū,u |
smut < smátt |
|
ɔu |
tədbɔu(s)
< *tíðbrá, bōl,bɔul < bál, blɔustər, blostər
< blástr |
|
|
|
e |
e,ε,æ,ē |
bεk
< bekkr, brεna
< brenna, bærg < berg, færd,færdək
< ferð, mæ'rki < merki, rækstər
< rekstr, to slεp,slæp < sleppa
ēvalous < efalauss, hēgri < hegri, lēga < lega
færdimεt,fērdimεt < *ferðarmatr, lεm, lēm,
lemm < hlemmr |
|
ä,ε
(before palat.) |
at:avε'ļta
<*aptrvelta,hεļək < hella, hεļər
< hellir, dwäļ < dvelja, skäļ < skell, räņd
< renna, väņdi < vent |
|
o,ȯ
(before w) |
hwȯli
< hvelja, hwopət,kwopət < hveppti, past of hveppa |
|
|
|
é |
jē
(ē),
ε, jε |
şēla <
*hjela < héla, spjēlman < *spélmaðr, sp(j)ēviti
< spévætti, jεlins
< élingar, rεta-dyke
< réttar- |
|
ə, ȯ
(after w) |
wələ'nt,
wȯlə'nt < vélindi |
|
|
|
i |
i, ī |
bidi < biti, driv < drif, līvən
< lifandi |
|
e,ə |
bi'rtək,be'rtək,bə'rtək
< birta, dəmska
< *dimska, həmna < himna, kə'r˙kasuk˙ni < kirkjusókn |
|
ä,ε
(before palat.) |
ä'ļskət
< illskóttr, bä'ņtər,bji'ntər
< *bindari, häņd < hinna, pei'ļk,pä'ļk < Nor.,Sw. pilka,
şopä'ļti < sjópiltr, stä'ļk < stilkr, BUT stiļərs,steļərs,stäļərs
< stillis, tiļi,teļi < þilja |
|
ʌ |
sələk,sʌlək
< silungr, tə'lfər,tʌ'fər < þilfar |
|
|
|
í |
ī,i |
grīmi
< gríma, hwīld < hvíld, ībit < *íbit, lī < hlíð, rī < hríð; risəl <
hrísla, nisək < hnísa, simən < sími |
|
e |
tədbɔu(s),tedbɔu(s) < *tíðbrá |
|
ä,ε
(before palat.) |
läțla,läitla
< lítla |
|
i/äi occas. alternate |
läitla/litla < litla, hwī,kwī/hwäi,kwäi
< kví |
|
|
|
o |
o,ɔ,ȯ,ō,
jo |
brɔd
< brot, fɔg,fog,fjog,fjok < fok, kɔli
< kola, nog(in) < hnokkr; to tjōg < toga |
|
u (occas.) |
krupin < kroppinn, urm-,orm- < ormr, |
|
ȯ(i),
ɔ(i) (before palat.) |
gȯit
< gott, hȯļi < Nor. holleg,hollig, kȯņmæ'rki < *kornmaðkr, skȯit,skɔit <
*skott < skoða,
|
|
ø (esp. before ð) |
mø: < moð, bø: < boð, bø:r < borð; occas.
in Eng. words: to møv,mȯv
< move |
|
|
|
ó |
ū |
gūən <
góðan/góðing; hūb <
hóp, klūr < klóra, mūd < mót, slū < slóð, şūr < sjóvar, stūr < stórr |
|
ø:
(occas.) |
krø: < kró, rø:s < hrósa,
mø/mū <
*móða |
|
ȯ(i),
ɔ(i) (before palat.) |
|
|
ō (except.) |
groma < *gróma?, rɔvək <
rófa, skogin < skóinn, tovi < þófi |
|
|
|
u |
u |
bu'lk < Nor. bulk, bulin <
bulungr,bolungr, rus < rus |
|
o,ȯ |
borəl
< burl, rosk < rusk, flȯga < fluga,
ȯrdəl < hurðar |
|
ȯ(i),
ɔ(i) (before palat.) |
ȯļa- <
ullar-, rȯ'ļk < Nor. rulk, stȯ'ļka < stulka, mȯņd
< mund, ȯņdali < undarligr, sȯņd < sund, stȯņd < Nor.standa,stonda,
|
|
|
|
ú |
u,ū |
bū
< bú, rūg < hrúga, skrū < skrúfa, tūg < þúfa, tūn < tún, kupa < kúpa |
|
o,ȯ,ø
(occas.) |
grøt < Icel. grútr, kupi,kopi,kobi <
kúpa, mul,mol,mäl < múli |
|
ȯ(i),
ɔ(i) (before palat.) |
gȯļdət
< *g(a)úldinn |
|
|
|
y |
i (e) |
bIgin
(bøgin) < bygging, birək,
berək <
byrjan,*byrjing, nidərd,nedərd < nytróttr, rIga-
< hryggjar, nī (nø:) < nyt? |
|
ə |
bər,bȯr
< byrr, fərə < fyrir, mə'rk < myrkr |
|
ø,ø:,ȯ |
don,dȯn
< dynr, dȯs < dys, sȯtşkins < systkin, pøti,pəti < *pytti, tød < þytr |
|
ȯ(i),
ɔ(i) (before palat.) |
hȯņin,hȯņən
< *hyrningr, dȯņa < dynar, mȯļgət < myglaðr, sȯțşkins < systkin,
ūtȯțləχt,ūtȯitləχt <
úþýðiligt; BUT bei'ļk,
bäi'ļki < *bylki, rø'ļki < *rylki, ø:ņd,øiņd
< hyrni |
|
o,u (after palat.) |
ņogəl,njogəl
< nykr, sņukər,snokər < snykr |
|
|
|
ý |
ø,ø: |
drø:lin < drýll, flø:d < flýta, gø:r <
gýgr, hø: < hý, de ķør(ə)n
< kýrnar; mørna < mýrina, bøsni < býsn |
|
ī,i |
brī
< brýna, tīli < þýðligr, skrīvlin/skrø:vlin < skrýflingr, stīvin/stivən
< *stýfingr |
|
ū (after
palat.) |
ļū < hlýr |
|
ai (Scots infl.?) |
läir/lø:r < lýrr, skäil, skø:l,sķø:l
< skýla |
|
|
|
æ |
ē,e |
kēr(ə) <
kærr, skrēlin <
skrælingr, swēl < svæla, vēn
< vænn; res < ræsa, dwetəl,dwətəl,twidəl < *þvætl,*þvætla |
|
ε,æ |
εrək,ærək < æringr |
|
ä (before palat.) |
twä(i)țəld <
*þvætlaðr |
|
ȯ (except.) |
grȯla
< græla |
|
|
|
œ |
ø:,ø |
bø:li < bœli,
*fø:r < fœra, kø:d < kœða, -mø: < mœða; bødi < *bœti, lølək < hlœgligr |
|
e (occas.) |
beniman < *bœniman |
|
ȯ(i),
ɔ(i) (before palat.) |
grȯņşka <
grœnska |
|
ō (after
palat.) |
ļōg <
lœkr, BUT Løgəna < Lœkina [Lœkirnir] |
|
|
|
ǫ |
ȯ,o(u),ō,ɔ,ə |
fjȯra,fjora,fjɔra <
fjara,fjǫru,
hjog < hǫggva, hogi < hǫgg,
hȯm(b)li- < hǫmlu-,
jokəl
< jǫkull, jɔkəl < ǫxl,
stɔŋ < stǫng |
|
ø:,ø |
şøn,şȯn <
tjǫrn,
tøþələp,todələk,tudələk <
*tǫðulaupr |
|
ȯ(i),
ɔ(i) (before palat.) |
trȯļ < trǫll,
ȯņd,ɔņd < ǫnd |
|
ō (after
palat.) |
ļōg <
lǫgr |
|
ε(e),ē |
dεk < dǫkk,
rεŋ
<
rǫng, fjēl
< fjǫl |
|
|
|
ei |
ē,ε:,ǣ,
e,ε |
blēg
< bleikr, ēd < eið, ēs < eisa, grē(d)
< greiði, hε'nt,h´'nt
< heimta, lεra < leira, rεdşkab
< reiðskapr |
|
jē,jε
(occas.) |
vjēdək,vjēdək
< veit(a), jεdər,etər
< eitr |
|
|
|
au |
jō,jɔ |
bjōg
< baugr, gjōl < gaula, jōga < auga |
|
ō,ȯ,o,ɔ (rare
without j) |
*jōra,
ōrna- < eyra (< *auRa),
eyrna; tōm < taumr; gjɔpm,gopm < gaupn |
|
ø,ø: |
brø:d < braut, skø:vi < skauf, *grøtşta
< grautstaðr, rø,rød < rauðr, rø:n,røni < hraun |
|
u |
lup,lop < hlaup, klustər,klostər,kløstər,klȯstər
< klaustr; nut,nøt < naut |
|
ɔu (Scottish
influence?) |
ɔus < ausa |
|
|
|
ey |
ø: |
klø:vin < *kleyfingr, lø:bin <
*hleypingr, rø:dastab < *reyðarstabbi, stø: < streyja, ø:r < eyrir,
sø:da < seyða |
|
ē
(rarely) |
ēr,ø:r
< eyrr |
|
ō (after palat.) |
fļōg
< fleygja |
|
|
|
já,jó,jú |
ø:,ø |
drø:g < drjúgr, førə
< fjórir, klø: < kljá, lø:(d) < hljóð, rød < hrjóta |
|
ū (after
palat.), ljo (in Foula, partially) |
ļū < hljóð;
hlýr; ļū < ljótr, ļūm(i) < ljómi, *ljūs
< ljós |
|
|
|
b |
b (usually) |
|
|
p |
berdus, perdus < *bergdus, bjak,pjak <
Nor. pjakke, onplost,o'mplost < andblástr |
|
v |
bəl,vəl
< Nor. bull, bi'rtək,virda,virdək < birta, bȯ'ņşvam:,vȯ'ņşvam: <
*barnsvamm |
|
ml > mbl |
gambli,gambla
< gamli, hȯm(b)libands,*himblins < hǫmluband,
skum(bə)l < skuml |
|
|
|
d |
d (usually) |
|
|
t |
bji'ntər <
bindari; blȯ'nt <
blundr |
|
dj > dž (Whalsay: tž) |
dža'rf (tşa'rf) < djarfr,
džūb (tşūb) < djarfr,
džur < djór, tşa'lk, da'lk < Nor. dalka, Far. dálka |
|
nd >
ņ, ld > ļ |
hȯņən <
hundinn, häņaless,hä'ņta(r)less < handa(r)lauss,
miļənasto'mp <
*myldingarstump |
|
|
|
ð |
(dropped) |
gūə(n)
< góða(n), lī < hlíð, lø: < hlýða, rī < hríð, snī,snē < sneiða, *trō <
þráðr |
|
d |
bōd
< boða, frōd < froða, gødin < *gœðing, kø:d < kœða, spadi < spaði,
stȯdək < staði,*stœða; afrō,afrōd < afráða, grē,grēd < greiði, lø:,lø:d
< hljóð, *rø:,rø:d < rauðr |
|
ðr > dr |
flādrək,
flȯdərək < *flaðra, lȯdər < lǫðr,
lūdərhorn < lúðr-, mȯdəra,-ə < maðr(inn), rudər,rūr < hrúðr |
|
rð > rd |
bIrdək
< byrðr, bȯrd
< burðr, færd < ferð; gōrd
< garðr, hardi < harði, hərd < hirða, hȯrdək,hȯrdin < urð, skōrd <
skarð, BUT galafər < -ferð
(unstressed), stərən < stirðna, vâr < verði |
|
gð > g(d), occ. d, (ə)t |
afbreg(d),ōbreg,utbrag(:)
< afbrigði, lagət
(-əd) < lagðr |
|
t |
aitrahōla
< aðrahvára, ū:tȯț:ləχt < úþýðiligt, väitikēb < vaðkeipr |
|
ðj > dž |
rȯdž < ryðja,
BUT widi,widdi < viðja |
|
g |
fɔg:bȯr:gər
< fokburðr, kāvabȯrg < *kafaburðr |
|
ðk - see þk |
|
|
|
|
f |
f, rf > rf |
dža'rf
< djarfr, ska'rf < skarfr; dȯfən,dōvən
< dofinn, kāfə, kāfa, kāvi,kāva
< kafi, klȯfən,klȯvən < klofann,
ņâfatag,nevatjɔg < *hnefatak |
|
v (as in ON -f- between vowels and sonorants) |
gåva < gáfa, arvi < arfi, hɔvi,høvi
< háfr, krȯv < krof, nev < hnefi, riv < rifa, skāv
< skafa, sōv < sofa,sœfa, tø:v < tœfa |
|
v (occasionally in the beginning of a
word) |
fasgə'rt,
vasgə'rt < fastgarðr, fȯdək,vatək < (dafek) < ?Gael.
dubhach |
|
dropped after ō,ū |
hō
< háfr, skrū
< skrúfa, stū < stýfa |
|
|
|
g |
commonly preserved, incl. between vowels
and in the end |
bogi < bogi, drâg < drag, drōg
< draga, flȯg < fluga, mogi < magi, rūg < hrúga, slāg
< slag, smoga < smuga, stigi,stiggi < stigi, trogəl,
truggel < trygill |
|
dropped |
vō < vágr |
|
k/tž (occas.),
esp. in lg,ng |
mæ'rki,mergi < mergr, ha'ŋklin,haŋglin
< *hanglingr, fļoknər < *flognir, kȯrhərd,gȯrhərd <
*garðhirða, tžö'lk,džȯlgər,džölgər
< gjalfr, Nor. gjelg,gjølg |
|
g > ĝ (palatalisation before front
vowels: i,e,ø) |
gebi,ĝebi
< Icel. gepill, gεld,ĝεld
< gelda, ĝera < gera, ĝil < gil, gø:r,ĝø:r < gýgr |
|
gi,ggi > dži |
bεldžiən
< belgin, knȯdži < knoggi |
|
gj < dž
(gj) |
džȯlgər,džölgər
< gjalfr, Nor. gjelg,gjølg, gjō < gjá |
|
gl > lg |
mȯļgət
< myglaðr |
|
|
|
h |
retained initially |
|
|
dropped occasionally before a vowel, j,w |
(h)a'l:tagɔŋ:gi
< *haltaganga, jigəl(ti),hjigəl,hjogəl
< hégeitill, jɔ'nsi,
hjɔnsi < hœns, ūrām,horəm < hárhamr,
ūriən,wōrin,jōrin < *háringr, wȯ'lsbane,hwȯ'lsbane < hálsbein, ogg <
hugga, ȯrdəltree < *hurðartré;
Foula ballad: elde < heldr, e(i)dnar <
hennar, yilsa < heilsa, yom < heim |
|
inserted before a vowel in the beginning
of words |
häņ:vâg < *andvaka, hildin < eldinn, hȯrdək,hȯrdin
< urð(in), hofsahεļək,ofsahεļək
< *upsarhella |
|
hl > l
hr > r,occas. hr,kr
hn > hn,kn, occas. n,sn |
lī < hlíð, røni < hraun, rām,kramək
< hrammr, knεp,knæð < hneppa,kneppa, knɔkins,snap
< hnappr, snig < hneggja, snigin,snigom,negi < *hneggingr, snjūg(i)
< knjúkr,hnjúkr, snȯt(i),snət(i) < hnǫttr,knǫttr |
|
hv > hw,kw, sw (rarely) |
hwāl,kwāl
< hvalr, swam(m) < hvammr |
|
hj > ş |
şarəl <
hjarl, şålmət < hjálmóttr, şēla < *hjēla < héla, BUT ja'rta < hjarta |
|
|
|
k |
mostly retained |
kikən
< *kykandi, lik < lík, puki,puka < púki, rēk < reka, rok < rok, şøk <
sjúkr, vɔkər < Far. vakur |
|
g (freq., when final or between vowels;
occasionally in initial position) |
bâgi < bak, blāg
< blaka, brogi < Nor. brokkut, klāg
< klaka, kragək
< kraki, krūg < krókr, ļōg < lœkr, njogəl
< nykr, ōg < aka, râg,rēg < reka, stjāgi
< stjaki, sø:ga,sø:gi < sýki, -tag,-tjɔg < -tak; blɔka,bloga < *blaðka,
fjȯk,fog,fɔg,fjȯg < fok,fjúk-,
stuki,stjūgi < stúka,ɔkrə,ogə(r) <
akr; gjōla < Nor.kjore, gōgi(s),kōgi(s) < kaga, grȯg,krȯg
< *kruk |
|
palatalised before a front vowel |
ķēb,kēb
< keipr, ķεgər,kεgər
< keikr, ķipək,kipək < kippi, ķø'rk < kyrkja,
ķø:r(ə)n < kýrnar, sķεga < skeki, sķøl,skøl <
skýla, BUT kə'r:kasuk:ni < kirkjusókn |
|
kj > kj,ķ |
kjɔ'lk
< kjálki, kjōlək,kjørək
< Nor. kjore,kjøra, skjō < Nor. skjå, *skjɔldra < *skjaldra;
BUT kjōb,ķōb
< kaup, sķōl,sķūl < skjól |
|
kk > g(γ) (occasionally) |
baga- (baγa-),
bagi- < bakka-, nægistik (næγi-) < *hnakkastykki, bloga (bloγa), bloka <
*blakka < *blaðka |
|
|
|
l |
mostly retained |
|
|
vl > lv |
kεvəl,kεlvək,kεlva
< kefli, skalvə < skafl |
|
gl > lg |
mȯļgət
< myglaðr |
|
lm > ml |
skul(ə)m, skum(bə)l < skuml |
|
l > r |
fjȯrd < fjøldi, nɔralεg
< *nálarleggr, swār,swāl
< Nor. sval |
|
l > ļ (before a consonant, occasionally initially);
ll,rl >
ļ; (palatalization) |
pei'ļk,
päi'ļk
< No. pilk, rȯļk < Nor. rulk, stå'ļk
< stilkr, bäļ
< ball, fäļ
< fall, hεļək < hella, hεļər
< hellir, hȯļi < No. holleg,hollig; skäļ < skellr,
trȯļ < trǫll,
kåļ < karl; BUT bäļdin,baldin < baldinn, melən (meļən)
< millum, hōkil(l)in < hákerling;
fļōg < fleygja, ļōg <
lǫgr;lœkr;
ļū < hljóð;hlýr; ļū < ljótr, ļūm(i) < ljómi |
|
ld > ļ |
miļənasto'mp
< *myldingarstump |
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m |
usually retained |
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ms > ŋ(k)s |
fj'ɔŋs,fjo'ŋsət
< Nor. fjoms; ho'ŋ(k)s, ho'ms < Nor. humsken, L.Sc. hum;
ro'ŋ(k)s, ro'ms < raumska |
|
lm > ml |
skul(ə)m, skum(bə)l < skuml |
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n |
generally
retained |
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fn > mn, m
(finally) |
stȯmna,stəmna < stofn, hamn- < hafn-, Ham < Hǫfn,
stamərən < *stafn-rǫng |
|
n
> ņ (before a consonant, occasionally initially);
nn,rn > ņ; (palatalization) |
äņəhva'rt
< annathvárt, häņ < hann, käņ < kanna, breņər,brεņər,bräņər < brennir,
mȯņd < mund, ȯņdali < undarligr, väņt(i) < vent (þú), grȯņşka < grœnska,
bȯņ,bɔņ < barn;
BUT hȯni,həni,hȯņ,hɔņ < horn; mȯn,mȯņ < munnr, span < spann, mana <
manna, brna,brεņa < benna, andər,aņdər < anddyri
njād,nād < Sw. knat?, njafin,njafək < Sw.dial. naffa, L.Sc.
naff,nyaff, njatəri < *gnatra,gnaddra, ņogəl,njogəl < nykr |
|
nd > ņ |
hȯņən <
hundinn, häņaless,hä'ņta(r)less < handa(r)lauss |
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nn >
ņd |
räņd
< renna, säņd < sanna; blohȯņdin,blohȯņin < *biloðhyrningr; drȯņd,drȯin
< drynja |
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p |
retained |
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b (usually when final, or between vowels) |
džūb
< djúp, flab < flapr, glâb < glap, glȯb < glop, glø:b < *gleypr, hūb <
hóp, kjōb < kaup, lø:bin < *hleypingr, rab,rāb < hrap, sȯb < saup,
strȯba < stopi, ūb,ø:b < óp, ūb,ø:b < œpa; kupi,kȯbi < kúpa,
etərskab,etərskop < eitrskapr, rεdşkab < reiðskapr, spjēskāb <
*spéskapr; BUT lândsķεp < landskapr |
|
pp > b (occasionally) |
skεbək,skæbək
< skeppa, snæbək,snabək,snεp(i),snæp(i)
< *hneppi, kibək < kippa |
|
ft > pt (bd) |
ap(ta) < aptann [-ft-], skεptin,skεbdək
< *skeptingr; Tȯpti-,Tȯptəns (Təptəns), Taft < tópt |
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|
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r |
retained |
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rn > nn (occas.) |
banno-corn < barn |
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rn > rl (occas.) |
mallo < marlaukr |
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tr > rd |
slȯrd,slȯdər
< slytra |
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r > l |
aitrahōla
< aðrahvára, buliŋ,būrək < *buringr,
gjōla,kjōlək,kjø:lək,kjø:rək < Nor.kjore,kjøra, kȯrl,korr <
kyrr;misfø:ld,misfø:rd < misfór(sk), njogəl,ņogəl < nyk, ȯrdəl- <
huðar-? |
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s |
retained |
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dropped
between k and l |
bjɔkəl
< bœxl, jakəl < jaxl, jɔkəl < ǫxl |
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t |
usually retained |
frεt < freta, hatər
< hatra, klut < klútr, mjat < mat, skītək
< *skítingr |
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d (usually when final, or between vowels;
occasionally in initial position) |
bidi < biti, -brɔd
< -brot, flāda
< flata, gad < gat, ļūd < ljótr, mādər
< matr, mūd,mōd < mót, rø:d < hrjóta, slȯd < slot, sōd < sát, sōdi,sɔdi
< sæti,*sáti,v(j)ēdək < veita; jεdər,etər < eitr, fȯdək,vatək < fata,
grūd,grøt < grjót, grødək,grø:tək < grýta, nød,not,ut < naut,
søda,søt(a) < sœtr,sœta; drȯļ:şlâ:gət,trȯļ:şlâ:gət
< trǫllsleginn,
da'mp < Dan./L.Germ. tamp |
|
dropped (occasionally when final) |
(spirvi)gru < -grjót, lag:stø:(t:) <
*lagsteyta, *ȯrdətū,*ōrdədȯit
< *árdagsdot(t), hwī < hvítt |
|
ț,ď (palatalisation) |
äțifər,
äitifər,atwərs,ȯďbə'rt,äďbə'rt
< atferð, gɔiț,gȯiț < gátt, ūtȯțləχt,ūtȯitləχt
< úþýðiligt, -hɔiț < -háttr, läțla,läitla < lítla, twä(i)țəld <
*þvætlaðr, väțibând,väitaband < *vattaband |
|
tj >
ş; tş (when
final) |
şaldər < tjaldr,
şȯn <
tjǫrn,
uşūna < Nor. utjona; Foula ballad: chaldona < tjaldinu; vitş
< vitja |
|
tt > d (occasionally) |
minȯd
< miðnátt, tȯd,tȯdək
< tuttr |
|
tr > rd |
slȯrd,slȯdər
< slytra |
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|
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þ |
t |
tari < þari, tə'lfər,tʌ'lfər < þilfar,
tiļi,teļi
< þilja, (u)tīli < (ú)þýðligr, togə-
< þoku-, to'rkəsȯt < *þukasótt, trō < þráð, trūən
< þró(in), twä(i)țəld < *þvætlaðr |
|
d |
dōm < þám,
dɔd
< þot, du,dū
< þú, dwa'rs < þvers, dwetəl,dwətəl
< *þvætla < þvætta;
the Foula ballad: dar < þar, do < þá |
|
þj >
ş |
şok(k)a < þjukkr |
|
þk > rk (occas.) |
kȯņmæ'rki <
*kornmaðkr [-þk-], cf. Nor. mark < maðkr |
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v |
v (in most cases) |
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w (initially) |
Watli < Vatnshlíð, wadməl
< vaðmál, wələ'nt,wȯlə'nt < vélindi, widi < viðja,
wæ'lşi < vǫlsi |
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vl > lv |
kεvəl,kεlvək,kεlva
< kefli, skalvə < skafl |
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